Spexin

Also known as: NPQ, Neuropeptide Q, Spexin hormone, SPX, Q9BT56

**Mechanism of Action** Spexin (SPX), also known as Neuropeptide Q, is a 14-amino acid peptide encoded by the *SPX* gene. It acts primarily through the galanin receptor subtypes GALR2 and GALR3, with high affinity for GALR2/3 over GALR1. Central and peripheral SPX signaling modulates autonomic nervous system activity, influencing cardiovascular regulation (e.g., blood pressure and heart rate), renal function (e.g., diuresis and electrolyte balance), and nociceptive processing. Its effects are mediated via G-protein-coupled receptor pathways, including inhibition of cAMP production and activation of MAPK/ERK signaling. **Key Research Findings** Preclinical studies demonstrate that central administration of SPX reduces mean arterial pressure and heart rate in rodent models, suggesting a role in blood pressure homeostasis. In renal tissues, SPX promotes natriuresis and diuresis, potentially via modulation of aquaporin and sodium transporter expression. Additionally, SPX exhibits antinociceptive properties in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models, likely through spinal and supraspinal GALR2/3 activation. Experimental data also link SPX to energy balance and stress responses, though these findings remain preliminary. **Clinical Relevance** As an experimental peptide, SPX has not been evaluated in human clinical trials. Its potential therapeutic applications include hypertension, fluid retention disorders, and chronic pain management, but translational gaps remain due to limited pharmacokinetic and safety data. Current evidence is confined to animal models and *in vitro* systems, necessitating further validation. For research purposes only — not medical advice.

Key data

Mechanism of action

Plays a role as a central modulator of cardiovascular and renal function and nociception. Also plays a role in energy metabolism and storage. Inhibits adrenocortical cell proliferation with minor stimulation on corticosteroid release (By similarity)

Research & studies

Frequently asked questions

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