Parathyroid hormone
experimentalAlso known as: Parathormone, Parathyrin, PTH, P01270
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a key endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Its primary mechanism of action involves binding to the PTH1 receptor on osteoblasts and renal tubular cells, which indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity to promote bone resorption and the release of calcium and phosphate into the bloodstream. In the kidneys, PTH enhances calcium reabsorption in the distal tubules while inhibiting phosphate reabsorption, thereby increasing urinary phosphate excretion. Additionally, PTH stimulates renal 1α-hydroxylase activity, leading to increased synthesis of active vitamin D (calcitriol), which further augments intestinal calcium absorption. Research on PTH has extensively characterized its dual role in bone metabolism: continuous elevation (as in hyperparathyroidism) leads to net bone loss, while intermittent administration has anabolic effects, stimulating bone formation. Over 38,000 PubMed-indexed studies have explored PTH’s physiological and pathological roles, including its involvement in osteoporosis, chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder, and hypoparathyroidism. Experimental models have also investigated PTH analogs and delivery regimens to optimize therapeutic outcomes, particularly for bone density improvement. Clinically, recombinant human PTH (teriparatide) is approved for osteoporosis treatment, leveraging its anabolic properties when administered intermittently. However, its use is limited to short-term therapy due to potential risks of osteosarcoma observed in animal studies. PTH remains a critical biomarker for diagnosing calcium metabolism disorders, and ongoing research continues to refine its therapeutic applications and safety profile. For research purposes only — not medical advice.
Key data
MIPAKDMAKVMIVMLAICFLTKSDGKSVKKRSVSEIQLMHNLGKHLNSMERVEWLRKKLQDVHNFVALGAPLAPRDAGSQRPRKKEDNVLVESHEKSLGEADKADVNVLTKAKSQMechanism of action
Parathyroid hormone elevates calcium level by dissolving the salts in bone and preventing their renal excretion (PubMed:11604398, PubMed:35932760). Acts by binding to its receptor, PTH1R, activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling (PubMed:18375760, PubMed:35932760). Stimulates [1-14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) transport and glycogen synthesis in osteoblastic cells (PubMed:21076856)
Research & studies
PTHR engages in sustained cAMP signaling from endosomes upon PTH stimulation.; Internalized GPCRs can continue to signal via G proteins from endosomes, extending the canonical model.; Location of signaling has an impact on the physiological effects of GPCR signaling.
Extracellular calcium is regulated by PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and calcium itself.; Sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of dysregulated PTH leading to hypercalcemia.; Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is the most common cause of hypercalcemia of malignancy.; Extrarenal calcitriol production in malignancies and inflammatory conditions can also cause hypercalcemia.
PTH increases renal calcium reabsorption, active vitamin D production, and bone calcium mobilization in hypocalcemia.; PTH is used as replacement therapy for hypoparathyroidism.; PTH has a physiologic role in augmenting bone formation, especially in trabecular bone.; PTH is applied clinically as anabolic therapy for osteoporosis.
Frequently asked questions
What is Parathyroid hormone?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a key endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Its primary mechanism of action involves binding to the PTH1 receptor on osteoblasts and renal tubular cells, which indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity to promote bone resorption and the release of calcium and phosphate i
How does Parathyroid hormone work?
Parathyroid hormone elevates calcium level by dissolving the salts in bone and preventing their renal excretion (PubMed:11604398, PubMed:35932760). Acts by binding to its receptor, PTH1R, activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling (PubMed:18375760, PubMed:35932760). Stimulates [1-14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) transport and glycogen synthesis in osteoblastic cells (PubMed:21076856)
What is the research status of Parathyroid hormone?
Parathyroid hormone is currently classified as experimental, with 38,299 research references on record. This is for research purposes only and is not medical advice.
What is the molecular weight of Parathyroid hormone?
Parathyroid hormone has a molecular weight of approximately 12861 g/mol.
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